Towers of Silence, Yazd: Ancient Zoroastrian Funerary Site

Towers of Silence, Yazd

Perched on the arid outskirts of Iran's ancient city of Yazd, the Towers of Silence, Yazd, locally known as Dakhmeh-ye Zartoshtian (the Zoroastrian Ossuaries), stand as profound testaments to centuries-old Zoroastrian funerary traditions. These circular stone structures offer a unique and compelling glimpse into a practice deeply rooted in the faith's reverence for purity, where the deceased were exposed to the elements, ensuring the sacred earth, fire, and water remained uncontaminated. Visiting this enigmatic site provides an unparalleled insight into a significant aspect of Iranian cultural and religious history.

The Ancient Ritual of Dakhma: Purity and Purpose

At the heart of the Towers of Silence, Yazd lies the ancient Zoroastrian practice of excarnation, known as Dakhma. This method of funerary disposal was born from a profound respect for the natural elements – earth, fire, and water – which are considered sacred creations of Ahura Mazda, the Wise Lord. Zoroastrians believed that a decomposing corpse, or Nasa, was impure and could contaminate these sacred elements.

Therefore, traditional burial (which would defile the earth) and cremation (which would pollute the sacred fire) were strictly forbidden. The solution was an ingenious and environmentally conscious one: bodies were placed atop the circular stone structures of the Towers of Silence, exposed to the sun and scavenging birds, primarily vultures. This natural process ensured the body’s flesh was swiftly removed, leaving only the dried bones. This practice exemplifies the deep ecological awareness embedded within Zoroastrian philosophy.

Understanding Zoroastrian Beliefs on Purity

Zoroastrianism holds that the four elements (water, fire, earth, air) are pure and divine, created by Ahura Mazda. A deceased body is believed to be temporarily inhabited by the destructive spirit, Angra Mainyu (Ahriman), making it impure. This impurity, known as Nasa, necessitated funerary practices that would not allow the corrupting presence to defile the sacred elements. The Zoroastrian Fire Temple of Yazd further illustrates this reverence for purity, where sacred flames have burned for centuries without interruption.

The Process of Excarnation

Once a body was prepared according to religious rites, it was carried by specially designated bearers, known as Nasa-salars, up the hill to the Towers of Silence. Placed within the circular walls, the body was left exposed to the elements. After the excarnation process was complete, the sun-bleached bones were gathered and dropped into a central well, or Astodan, where they would naturally disintegrate, returning to the earth without direct contamination.

Architecture and Layout of the Yazd Dakhmehs

The architectural design of the Towers of Silence, Yazd, is one of elegant simplicity, driven entirely by its sacred function. Perched on remote, low hills, these circular, open-air structures were meticulously engineered to facilitate the excarnation process while adhering to Zoroastrian purity laws. The complex near Yazd is particularly well-preserved and accessible, offering a clear understanding of its layout.

The interior of each tower, roughly 100 meters in circumference, is covered with large flagstones and gently slopes towards the center. This design ensures that any residual bodily fluids were channeled away from the outer walls and towards a central repository, preventing seepage into the sacred ground.

The Distinct Rings of the Towers

Within the circular platform of each Tower of Silence, Yazd, the surface is precisely divided into three concentric rings, each designated for a specific group of the deceased: the outermost, largest ring (Halgheh-ye Mordegan-e Mard) was for adult male corpses; the middle ring (Halgheh-ye Mordegan-e Zan) was for adult female corpses; and the innermost, smallest ring (Halgheh-ye Mordegan-e Kudakan) was reserved for the bodies of children. This structured arrangement underscored the equality of all individuals in death, regardless of their earthly status.

The Central Astodan (Ossuary)

At the very heart of the Towers of Silence, Yazd lies a deep, central well known as the Saradeh, Estodan, or Astodan (meaning 'bone repository'). This crucial element collected the skeletal remains after the excarnation process. The entrance to the Astodan was typically covered by a large, movable stone slab. The well itself was often lined with cement and stone, and its base layered with sand and charcoal to act as a natural filter, preventing any potential contaminants from reaching the surrounding soil. This system was a sophisticated early form of waste management, prioritizing environmental purity.

Historical Significance and Notable Structures

While similar Zoroastrian Towers of Silence exist elsewhere in Iran, the complex in Yazd holds exceptional importance, largely due to Yazd's historical role as the traditional religious capital for Iranian Zoroastrians. This prominence, combined with its accessibility, led to the Towers of Silence, Yazd, being registered as a National Heritage Site of Iran (registration number 12739) in 2005.

The site is not just about the towers themselves but also includes a fascinating collection of support buildings at the base, known as Khileh, which sheds light on the daily lives and responsibilities of those associated with the funerary rites.

The Two Main Dakhmehs: Maneckji and Golestan

The Yazd complex features two primary circular structures. The older and larger is the Maneckji Dakhmeh, also known as the “Maneckji Limji Hataria Dakhmeh,” named after its influential builder. Maneckji Limji Hataria was a Parsi philanthropist from India who played a pivotal role in alleviating the pressures faced by Zoroastrians in Iran during the Qajar era, notably lobbying for the abolition of the discriminatory Jizya tax. The newer, though larger in diameter, is the Golestan Dakhmeh, built later during the Qajar period to address accessibility challenges to Maneckji Dakhmeh. These structures stand as enduring monuments to a community's resilience and faith.

Life at the Base: The Khileh and Fire Chamber

At the foot of Dakhmeh Mountain, a cluster of traditional adobe and brick structures, known as Khileh, served as welfare and residential facilities. Among these, Salar's House (Khaneh-ye Salar) belonged to the chief official managing funerary affairs and the Nasa-salars. Due to their constant contact with the deceased, Salars were required to live apart from the main settlements. Another critical structure was the Fire Chamber (Otaq-e Atash-sozi). For three nights post-death, fire-keepers maintained a flame here, its light shining through a precisely aligned opening onto the inner surface of the Towers of Silence, believed to comfort and guide the departed soul (Ravan) before its ascension.

Witnessing the Past: Documentaries and Lasting Legacy

While the practice of Dakhma officially ceased in the 1970s, the Towers of Silence, Yazd, continue to resonate with historical significance. They represent not merely a burial ground but a profound philosophical statement about life, death, and humanity’s place within the natural order. Modern visitors can experience the poignant atmosphere of these silent sentinels, imagining the solemn processions and ancient rites that once unfolded here.

The site's inclusion within the broader UNESCO World Heritage designation of the historical city of Yazd underscores its importance as a testament to living traditions and the harmonious co-existence of different faiths in Iran. Exploring the Towers of Silence, Yazd is an essential part of any comprehensive cultural tour of Iran, offering a deep dive into an extraordinary heritage.

The 'Bad-e Saba' Documentary

One of the most valuable visual records of the active period of the Towers of Silence, Yazd, comes from the acclaimed 1970 French-Iranian documentary, 'Bad-e Saba' (The Wind of the Spirit), directed by Albert Lamorisse. This film features a striking sequence dedicated to the towers, capturing the ritual procession where bodies were carried by Nasa-salars from the base of the hill to the dakhmehs. The footage vividly shows bodies placed on the stone platforms and the collection of bones, offering an unparalleled glimpse into the practical aspects of this unique funerary rite.

A Symbol of Resilience and Coexistence

Today, the Towers of Silence, Yazd, stand as a powerful symbol of the enduring Zoroastrian community in Iran and their centuries-long commitment to their unique faith and traditions. They offer a poignant reflection on the human relationship with mortality and the environment. The stark beauty of the structures against the desert landscape, combined with their profound historical and religious context, creates a truly unforgettable experience for visitors.

What to Do at the Towers of Silence, Yazd

Climb to the Summit of Dakhmeh Mountain

Undertake the moderately steep climb to the top of Dakhmeh Mountain to reach the Towers of Silence. The ascent offers increasingly panoramic views of the Yazd desert landscape and the city in the distance.

Explore the Dakhmehs Up Close

Once at the summit, walk around the circular structures of Maneckji and Golestan Dakhmehs. Observe their unique architecture and the inner rings, imagining the solemn ceremonies that once took place within their walls.

Discover the Base Structures (Khileh)

At the foot of the mountain, explore the collection of traditional adobe buildings known as Khileh. Visit Salar's House and the Fire Chamber to gain insight into the support infrastructure and daily life surrounding the funerary rites.

Capture Sunset Photography

Plan your visit for late afternoon to witness a breathtaking sunset over the desert. The golden light transforms the Towers of Silence and the surrounding landscape into a dramatic, photogenic scene, offering unique opportunities for reflection and photography.

Your Practical Guide to Visiting the Towers of Silence, Yazd

Best Time to Visit

Optimal Seasons: Late Autumn (October/November) and early Spring (March/April) offer the most pleasant temperatures for the steep climb, avoiding the intense summer heat. Best Time of Day: Early morning or late afternoon (about an hour before closing) are ideal. Early mornings avoid the crowds and midday sun, while late afternoons offer stunning sunset views and cooler temperatures.

Getting There

The Towers of Silence, Yazd are located approximately 15 kilometers southeast of Yazd city center, near the Safaeiyeh district, at the end of Shahid-e Ashraf Boulevard. The most convenient way to reach the site is by taxi or ride-hailing apps like Snapp from central Yazd; simply ask for “Borj-e Khamooshan” or “Dakhmeh-ye Zartoshtian.” If driving, free parking is available at the base of the mountain. Note: The final ascent to the towers requires climbing a moderately steep, paved stairway, which may be challenging for the elderly or those with severe mobility issues.

Entrance Fee

The estimated entrance fee for foreign visitors is typically around $5-10 USD, payable in Iranian Rial (IRR) or sometimes via a local card if accompanied by a guide. Prices are subject to change by the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, so it's always advisable to confirm locally.

Visiting Hours

The Towers of Silence, Yazd are generally open to the public from early morning until sunset. Typical hours are from 7:00 AM to 5:00 PM, extending to 6:00 PM in spring and summer. It's recommended to check the latest local information or consult with your tour operator, DeyTrips, before planning your visit, as hours can vary.

Frequently Asked Questions

Author: Deytrips Team

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Towers of Silence, Yazd

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